Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil Using a Blend of Goat Manure and Cassava Peel
Keywords:
Bioremediation; Bonny Light crude oil; Goat manure; Cassava peel; Total petroleum hydrocarbons; Heavy metals.Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of a blend of goat manure and cassava peel for the bioremediation of loamy soil artificially contaminated with Bonny Light crude oil. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Imo State Polytechnic, Omuma, over a 60-day period. Loamy soil was spiked with 10% (w/w) crude oil and treated in three bioreactors: Reactor A (10% w/w cassava peel), Reactor B (10% w/w goat manure), and Reactor C (10% w/w 1:1 blend of goat manure and cassava peel). Soil samples were collected at 10-day intervals and analyzed for pH, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and microbial counts. Results showed that TPH decreased from an initial concentration of 18,500 mg/kg to 6,475 mg/kg, 5,180 mg/kg, and 1,850 mg/kg in Reactors A, B, and C, corresponding to 65.0%, 72.0%, and 90.0% reduction, respectively. Reactor C also achieved the highest reductions of Zn (51.5%) and Cr (62.5%), the greatest pH improvement from 4.85 to 7.55, and the highest proliferation of total heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that treatment type, time, and their interaction significantly affected TPH reduction (p < 0.05). A multiple linear regression model developed for TPH prediction demonstrated excellent fit (R² = 0.942, R²adj = 0.939, RMSE = 420). The findings demonstrate that the synergistic blend of goat manure and cassava peel is a highly effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly biostimulant for enhanced remediation of crude oil-contaminated soils
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